Exercise for Mental Well-Being: Exploring Neurobiological Advances and Intervention Effects in Depression

Depression is a common mental disorder in which patients often experience feelings of sadness, fatigue, loss interest, and pleasure. Exercise widely used intervention for managing depression, but the specific molecular mechanisms underlying its antidepressant effect are unclear. In this narrative review, we aim to synthesize current knowledge on molecular, neural, physiological through exercise exerts discuss various interventions depression. We conducted review literature topic Our suggests that impacts peripheral tryptophan metabolism, central inflammation, brain-derived neurotrophic factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activating factor 1α (PGC-1α) skeletal muscles. The uncarboxylated osteocalcin facilitates “bone-brain crosstalk”, corrects atypical expression brain-gut peptides, modulates cytokine production neurotransmitter release, regulates inflammatory pathways microRNA expression. Aerobic recommended at frequencies 3 5 times per week with medium high intensity. Here highlight significant potential therapy supported by effect. Understanding neural involved exercise’s opens new avenues developing novel therapies